Frivolous litigation, as used in colloquial and political terms in the United States, refers to lawsuits that are based on a theory that seems absurd, or where the claim results in damages that greatly exceed what one would expect from reading a brief summary of the case. Awards for medical malpractice are sometimes derided as frivolous (in this sense of meaning "excessive"). If a jury and a judge decided in favor of the plaintiff in such cases, the plaintiff's claim was not technically frivolous in legal terms, though it might be considered frivolous colloquially. Because of the ambiguity in the term, calling these lawsuits "frivolous" can lead to confusion because opposite sides of the tort reform debate can both say they oppose "frivolous" suits, with the tort reform supporters referring to the colloquial understanding, and tort reform opponents referring to the narrower technical definition. The typical definition in United States law is very different from its colloquial or political meaning. United States courts usually define "frivolous litigation" as a legal claim or defense presented even though the party and the party's legal counsel had reason to know that the claim or defense had no merit. A claim or defense may be frivolous because it had no underlying justification in fact, or because it was not presented with an argument for a reasonable extension or reinterpretation of the law, or because laws are in place unequivocally prohibiting such a claim (see Good Samaritan law). In the United States, Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and similar state rules require that an attorney perform a due diligence investigation concerning the factual basis for any claim or defense. Jurisdictions differ on whether a claim or defense can be frivolous if the attorney acted in good faith. Because a frivolous defense or claim wastes the court's and the other parties' time, resources and legal fees, sanctions may be imposed by a court upon the party or the lawyer who presents the frivolous defense or claim. The law firm may also be sanctioned, or even held in contempt.

Overloaded Physicians

All of the professionals in our healthcare system struggle under the crushing weight of cost control measures imposed by insurers and medical institutions, which force doctors to minimize the time they spend assessing, treating, and discussing options with patients and their families. Protecting a family in an overtaxed healthcare system requires expertise. The statistics on medical errors, while often quoted, are still disturbing. In the United States, over 70,000 people die every year because of preventable medical errors that occur in hospitals. That means these avoidable mistakes kill more people than breast cancer or traffic accidents, making medical errors the eighth leading cause of death in the country. The report found that these errors were not the result of individual recklessness on the part of caregivers, but basic flaws in the organization of the American healthcare system. The treatment of over 50% of patients with diabetes, hypertension, tobacco addiction, hyperlipidemia, congestive heart failure, asthma, depression, and other chronic illness is inadequate. Due to cost constraints and resource limitations, doctors are not able to spend adequate time with their patients and do not necessarily have access to information on all available forms of treatment. In addition, when patients see more than one doctor, their care, medical records, and medications are rarely effectively coordinated. The burden of managing treatment most often falls on the shoulders of the patient and family who are already overwhelmed by having to deal with a serious illness. The average office visit is 10 minutes and physicians may be seeing as many as 40 patients a day. In addition, there are long waits for rushed appointments, the confusion about what types of care are available and best suit the needs, and the stress of navigating the U.S. healthcare system. When dealing with a serious medical situation, it is only natural to be overwhelmed. People tend to be confused about their options and too distracted or upset to ask the important questions. IPA Health provides private health management services.

Jock Itch

Tinea cruris is the scientific name for a fungal infection in the groin region. An official alternative name is jock itch. As the common name for this condition implies, it causes itching or a burning sensation in the groin area, thigh skin folds or anus. It may involve the inner thighs and genital areas, as well as extending back to the perineum and perianal areas. Affected areas may appear red, tan and brown, with flaking, rippling, peeling, or cracking skin. The acute infection begins at an area in the groin fold measuring about a half-inch across, and usually presents on both sides. The area may enlarge, and other sores may develop in no particular pattern. The rash appears as raised red plaques (plate-like areas) and scaly patches with sharply defined borders that may blister and ooze. If the rash advances, it usually advances down the inner thigh. The advancing edge is redder and more raised than areas affected for longer. The advancing edge is usually scaly, and very easily distinguished or well demarcated. The skin within the border turns a reddish-brown and loses much of its scale. The border may exhibit tiny pimples or even pustules, with central areas that are reddish and dry with small scales. If infected with candidal organisms, the rash tends to be redder and wetter. Opportunistic infections (infections that are caused by a diminished immune system) are frequent. Fungus from other parts of the body (commonly tinea pedis or "athlete's foot") can contribute to jock itch. A warm, damp environment allowing the fungus to cultivate greatly contributes to the infection, especially with sweaty or tight clothing such as a jockstrap.

Jock Itch

Tinea cruris is the scientific name for a fungal infection in the groin region. An official alternative name is jock itch. As the common name for this condition implies, it causes itching or a burning sensation in the groin area, thigh skin folds or anus. It may involve the inner thighs and genital areas, as well as extending back to the perineum and perianal areas. Affected areas may appear red, tan and brown, with flaking, rippling, peeling, or cracking skin. The acute infection begins at an area in the groin fold measuring about a half-inch across, and usually presents on both sides. The area may enlarge, and other sores may develop in no particular pattern. The rash appears as raised red plaques (plate-like areas) and scaly patches with sharply defined borders that may blister and ooze. If the rash advances, it usually advances down the inner thigh. The advancing edge is redder and more raised than areas affected for longer. The advancing edge is usually scaly, and very easily distinguished or well demarcated. The skin within the border turns a reddish-brown and loses much of its scale. The border may exhibit tiny pimples or even pustules, with central areas that are reddish and dry with small scales. If infected with candidal organisms, the rash tends to be redder and wetter. Opportunistic infections (infections that are caused by a diminished immune system) are frequent. Fungus from other parts of the body (commonly tinea pedis or "athlete's foot") can contribute to jock itch. A warm, damp environment allowing the fungus to cultivate greatly contributes to the infection, especially with sweaty or tight clothing such as a jockstrap.

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Pimple

A pimple is a result of a blockage of the pores. A pimple can be a pustule or papule. Inside a pore are sebaceous glands that produce sebum. When the outer layers of skin shed (as they do continuously), the sebum secretion causes dead skin cells left behind to stick together. This causes a blockage in the pore, especially when the skin becomes thicker at puberty. The sebaceous glands produce more sebum, which builds up behind the blockage, and this sebum harbors various bacteria including the species Propionibacterium acnes. Stress often causes pimples.